Komitmen Jepang dalam Meredam Kekerasan pada Perempuan Khususnya saat Pandemi Covid-19 bersama United Nations Women (UN Women)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37329/ganaya.v6i4.2541Keywords:
Covid-19, Jepang, UN Women, Kekerasan, PerempuanAbstract
This research focuses on Japan's commitment to reducing violence against women around the world because the position of women is an important issue in various aspects. Japan in collaboration with UN Women continues to strengthen partnerships to achieve significant changes in women's lives. Japan plays a role in helping women who are struggling against violence by injecting funds into UN Women to implement programs that focus on protecting women's lives and the challenges faced during the Covid-19 pandemic. This article uses the concept of gender mainstreaming which was based on the United Nations Conference in Beijing. This qualitative study aims to examine Japan's commitment to UN Women based on various literatures. This finding will explore how Japan, with a bad image that still lingers, is committed to reducing violence against women in the era of the Covid-19 pandemic with UN Women.
References
Argibay, C. M. (2003). Sexual Slavery and the Comfort Women of World War II. 21 Berkeley J. Int'l Law, 375.
Atmadja, M. K. (1999). Pengantar Hukum Internasional. Jakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Azizah, N. (2017). Gender dan Politik: Mengapa Konstruksi Gender bersifat Politis. Yogyakarta: The Phinisi Press.
Belarmino, M., & Roberts, M. R. (2019). Japanese Gender Role Expectations and Attitudes: A Qualitative Analysis of Gender Inequality. Journal of International Women's Studies, 272-288.
Brown, R. (2020, September). UN WOMEN AND JAPAN. Retrieved from unwomen.org: https://www.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/Headquarters/Attachments/Sections/Partnerships/Donor%20Countries/Partners-for-change-Japan-en.pdf
Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2008, Agustus). Criminal Victimization in the United States, 2006 Statistical Tables. Retrieved from bjs.ojp.gov: https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/cvus0601.pdf
Caglar, G. (2013). Gender Mainstreaming. POLITICS & GENDER, 9 (3) .
Campbell, A. (2020). An increasing risk of family violence during the Covid-19 pandemic: Strengthening community collaborations to save lives. Forensic Sci. Int.
Chang, M. (2009). The Politics of an Apology: Japan and Resolving the "Comfort Women" Issue. Retrieved from jstor.org: https://www.jstor.org/stable/42763319
Council of Europe. (n.d.). What is gender mainstreaming? Retrieved from coe.int: https://www.coe.int/en/web/genderequality/what-is-gender-mainstreaming
European Union. (2023, Juni 13). EU measures to end violence against women. Retrieved from consilium.europa.eu
Fraser, E. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Violence against Women and Girls, VAWG Helpdesk Research Report No. 284. London: VAWG Helpdesk.
Fröhlich, S. (2022, Agustus 26). How African women suffer silently through abuse. Retrieved from dw.com: https://www.dw.com/en/abuse-how-african-women-suffer-in-silence/a-62935824#:~:text=According%20to%20a%202020%20study,genital%20mutilation%20and%20human%20trafficking.
García-Moreno, C., Pallitto, C., Devries, K., Stöckl, H., Watts, C., & Abrahams, N. (2013). Global and Regional Estimates of Violence Against Women: Prevalence and Health Effects of Intimate Partner Violence and Non-Partner Sexual Violence. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
Gregor, K. M. (2017). Piecing Together The Threads Of The So-Called ‘Comfort Women’ System During The Japanese Occupation Of Indonesia. Yogyakarta: sejarah.fib.ugm.ac.id.
Guterres, A. (2018, November 19). Remarks on International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women. Retrieved from un.org: https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/speeches/2018-11-19/international-day-for-elimination-of-violence-against-women-remarks
Hayashi, M. N., Bagale, A. D., Marzouk, M., Ung, M., Lam, S. T., Neo, P., & Howard, N. (2022). Gender-Based Violence in the Asia-Pacific Region during COVID-19: A Hidden Pandemic behind Closed Doors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.
Koyama, S. (2012). Rysai Kenbo: The Educational Ideal of 'Good Wife, Wise Mother' in Modern Japan (The Intimate and the Public in Asian and Global Perspectives). Leiden ; Boston: BRILL.
Luluhima, A. S. (2000). Konvensi Penghapusan Segala Bentuk Diskriminasi Terhadap Wanita. Bandung: Alumni.
Mardatillah, Z. J. (2022). Analisis Motivasi Pemerintah Jepang terhadap Kasus Jugun Ianfu di Korea.
Maura, Z. S. (2022). Dukungan Jepang Terhadap Un Women Terkait Pemberantasan Kekerasan Perempuan Pada Saat Pandemi Covid 19. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Malikussaleh (JSPM), 260.
Nasukawa, T. (2017). Human Security in Japanese Foreign Policy:A Challenge to Peacebuilding.
National Population Commission. (2019). Nigeria demographic and health survey 2018. Abuja : National Population Commission.
OECD. (n.d.). Japan. Retrieved from oecdbetterlifeindex.org: https://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/countries/japan/
OHCHR. (1993, December 20). Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women. Retrieved from ohchr.org: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/declaration-elimination-violence-against-women
Oi, M. (2021, April 19). Mengapa ketimpangan gender dan seksisme di Jepang sulit diatasi? Retrieved from bbc.com: https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/vert-cap-56743670
Ojong, P. (2006). Perang Pasifik. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kompas.
Padiatra, A. M. (2020). Jejak Sakura di Nusantara: Pasang Surut Hubungan Jepang-Indonesia Tahun 1880an–1974. Sasdaya: Gadjah Mada Journal of Humanities, 4(1), 1-12.
Partners West Africa Nigeria. (2020, April 23). Rapid assessment of COVID-19 pandemic on Nigerian women. Retrieved from partnersnigeria.org: https://www.partnersnigeria.org/rapid-assessment-of-covid-19-pandemic-on-nigerian-women/
Rahma, A. D., Suswandari, & Naredi, H. (2020). Jugun Ianfu: Kekerasan Seksual Terhadap Perempuan Pada Masa Pendudukan Jepang di Jawa Barat Tahun 1942-1945. Chronologia (2020) Vol. 1 No. 3, 169-182.
Rossa, V., & Putri, F. I. (2020, April 13). Update Corona Covid-19 Global 13 April 2020: Total Kasus Nyaris 2 Juta. Retrieved from suara.com: https://www.suara.com/health/2020/04/13/090115/update-corona-covid-19-13-april-2020-total-kasus-nyaris-capai-2-juta
Sari, A. Y. (2020). Ketidaksetaraan Gender sebagai Bentuk Kekerasan Terhadap Perempuan di Jepang. Journal of International Relations , 358-367.
Saunders, R. (2021, Maret 29). The push to find real solutions to sexual harassment is ongoing, even in 'safe' Japan. Retrieved from japantimes.co.jp: https://www.japantimes.co.jp/community/2021/03/29/issues/sexual-harassment-safe-japan/
Sihite, R. (2007). Perempuan, Kesetaraan, dan Keadilan. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada.
Smith, S. G., Chen, J., Basile, K. C., Gilbert, L. K., Merrick, M. T., Patel, N., . . . Jain, A. (2017, April). The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2010-2012 State Report . Retrieved from cdc.gov: https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/NISVS-StateReportBook.pdf
Soeroso, M. H. (2010). Kekerasan dalam Rumah Tangga dalam Perspektif Yuridis-Viktimologis. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika.
Statista Research Department. (2023, Juni 21). Indeks kesenjangan gender di Jepang dari 2016 hingga 2023. Retrieved from Statista: https://www-statista-com.translate.goog/?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=id&_x_tr_pto=tc&_x_tr_hist=true#statisticContainer
Sugiyono. (2016). Metode Penelitian kuantitatif, Kualitatif, R&D. Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya.
Suryono, R. (2005). Seks dan Kekerasan Pada Zaman Kolonial. Jakarta : PT. Grasindo.
Tijerina, C. (2020, September). UN Women and Japan. Retrieved from unwomen.org: https://www.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/Headquarters/Attachments/Sections/Partnerships/Donor%20Countries/Partners-for-change-Japan-en.pdf
Toer, P. A. (2001). Perawan Dalam Cengkeraman Militer. Jakarta: KPG (Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia).
True, J., & Mintrom, M. (2001). Transnational Networks and Policy Diffusion: The Case of Gender Mainstreaming. International Studies Quarterly 45 (1), 27–57.
True, J., & Parisi, L. (2013). Gender Mainstreaming Strategies in International Governance. London: Routledge.
UN Women. (2020). About UN Women. Retrieved from unwomen.org: https://www.unwomen.org/en/about-us/about-un-women
UN Women. (2020). From Insight to Action Gender Equality in the Wake of Covid-19. United States: UN Women.
UN Women. (2021). Top government partners. Retrieved from unwomen.org: https://www.unwomen.org/en/partnerships/donor-countries/top-donors
UN Women. (n.d.). Partner spotlight: Japan. Retrieved from unwomen.org: https://www.unwomen.org/en/partnerships/donor-countries/top-donors/japan
UNFPA. (2020, April 27). Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Family Planning and Ending Gender-based Violence, Female Genital Mutilation and Child Marriage. Retrieved from unfpa.org: https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/resource-pdf/COVID-19_impact_brief_for_UNFPA_24_April_2020_1.pdf
United Nations. (1993). Declaration on the elimination of violence against women. New York : United Nations.
US Census Bureau. (2003, Februari). National Crime Victimization Survey. Retrieved from bjs.ojp.gov: https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/manual.pdf
Vieira, P. R., Garcia, L. P., & Maciel, E. L. (2020). Isolamento social e o aumento da violência doméstica: o que isso nos revela? Rev Bras Epidemiol.
WHO. (2020, April 7). COVID-19 and violence against women: what the health sector/system can do, 7 April 2020. Retrieved from apps.who.int: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331699
Wiasti, N. M. (2017). Mencermati Permasalahan Gender dan Pengarusutamaan Gender (PUG). Sunari Penjor: Journal of Anthropology.
World Health Organization. (2013, October 20). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: Prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. Retrieved from who.int: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241564625
World Health Organization. (2017, Desember 12). Mental health of older adults. Retrieved from who.int: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-of-older-adults
World Health Organization. (2020, April 7). COVID-19 and violence against women. Retrieved from who.int: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-SRH-20.04
World Health Organization. (2021, Maret 9). Violence against women Prevalence Estimates 2018. Retrieved from who.int: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240022256
Yamaguchi, K. (2019, Maret). Japan's Gender Gap – IMF Finance & Development Magazine. Retrieved from imf.org: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fandd/issues/2019/03/gender-equality-in-japan-yamaguchi
Yasmin, S. (2016, Februari 2). The Ebola Rape Epidemic No One’s Talking About. Retrieved from foreignpolicy.com: https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/02/02/the-ebola-rape-epidemic-west-africa-teenage-pregnancy/
Zhang, J., Sun, C., & Hu, Y. (2021). Representing Victims and Victimizers: An Analysis of #MeToo Movement Related Reports. Women's Studies International Forum, 1-7.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Nanda Putri Maharani, Imam Mahdi (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
An author who publishes in the Ganaya : Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora agrees to the following terms:
- Author retains the copyright and grants the journal the right of first publication of the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal
- Author is able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book) with the acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Author is permitted and encouraged to post his/her work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of the published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
Read more about the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 Licence here: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/.