Pengaruh Media Dalam Bias Anti-China Di Masa Pandemi Covid-19 Di Amerika Serikat

Authors

  • Paula Rita Wijayanti Universitas Indonesia
  • Suzie Sri Suparin S. Sudarman Universitas Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37329/ganaya.v6i1.1837

Keywords:

Chinese-American, Media, China Virus, Covid-19

Abstract

This study discusses immigrants from China and Chinese-Americans who are the largest immigrant groups from Asia. Based on history, economic conflicts motivated by sentiments have been experienced by Chinese immigrants in which the American government issued the Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 which prohibited Chinese immigrants from entering America for 10 years. Stereotypes such as “yellow-peril” and “minority model” which are influenced by technological and media developments have also emerged as a form of discrimination against Chinese immigrants. This study discusses the anti-China sentiment that stirred again during the Covid-19 pandemic. At the end of 2019, the Covid-19 virus that originated in Wuhan, China began to spread throughout the world, one of which was to the United States. The President at the time, Donald Trump tweeted through his Twitter account which contain anti-China sentiments, and this had an impact on anti-China turmoil in America, including the impact on immigrants from China and Chinese-Americans. This study uses qualitative methods with literature analysis techniques in analyzing the research corpus. This study attempts to describe the history of anti-China sentiment that has developed in the United States and highlights the role of the media in anti-China racism. This research also concludes that anti-China sentiment persists, even during this Covid-19 pandemic. This study also found that indirectly the media old or new media, played a major role in helping perpetuate racism in the United States.

References

Arsenijević, J., & Andevski, M. (2015). Media Convergence and Diversification–The Meeting of Old and New Media. Procedia Technology, 19, 1149-1155.

Baker, P., & Shear, M. D. (2021, Jan 20). To heal, we must remember, Biden says at ceremony for coronavirus victims. Retrieved Sep 30, 2022, from www.nytimes.com: https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/19/world/joe-biden-coronavirus-us-deaths.html

Besana, T., Katsiaficas, D., & Loyd, A. B. (2019). Asian American Media Representation: A Film Analysis and Implications for Identity Development. Research in Human Development, 16(3-4), 201-225.

Chao-Chen, L. (2013). Convergence of new and old media: new media representation in traditional news. Chinese Journal of Communication, 6(2), 183-201.

Clement, J. (2020, June 1). World leaders with the most Twitter followers as of June 2020. Retrieved April 28, 2022, from www.statista.com: https://www.statista.com/statistics/281375/heads-of-state-with-the-most-twitter-followers/

Eisend, M. (2019). Old meets new: how researchers can use existing knowledge to explain advertising in new media. International Journal of Advertising, 37(5), 664-670.

Fiorina, M. P. (2013, September). America's Polarized Politics: Causes and Solutions. Perspectives on Politics, 11(3), 852-859.

Folkenflik, D. (2018, April 7). Analysis: In Trump's Twitter Feed, A Tale Of Sound And Fury. Retrieved April, 7, 2018 from www.npr.org: https://www.npr.org/2018/04/07/600138358/analysis-in-trumps-twitter-feed-a-tale-of-sound-and-fury

Gerhards, J., & Schafer, M. S. (2010). Is the internet a better public sphere? Comparing old and new media in the USA and Germany. New Media & Society, 12(1), 143-160.

Gurevitch, M., Coleman, S., & Blumler, J. G. (2009, Aug). Political Communication - Old and New Media Relationships. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 164-181.

Han, Q. (2016). The Cinematic Representation of the Chinese American Family. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

HISTORY. (2009, Oct 29). U.S. Immigration Before 1965. Retrieved December 29, 2020, from www.history.com: https://www.history.com/topics/immigration/u-s-immigration-before-1965

Hsu, M. Y. (2015). The Good Immigrants (How the Yellow Peril Became the Model Minority). New Jersey, United States of America: Princeton University Press.

Human Rights Watch. (2020, May 12). Covid-19 Fueling Anti-Asian Racism and Xenophobia Worldwide. Retrieved May 12, 2020 from www.hrw.org: https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/05/12/Covid-19-fueling-anti-asian-racism-and-xenophobia-worldwide

Kawai, Y. (2005). Stereotyping Asian Americans: The Dialectic of the Model Minority and the Yellow Peril. The Howard Journal of Communications, 16(2), 109-130.

Lee, E. (2007, November). The Yellow Peril and Asian Exclusion in the Americas. Pacific Historical Review, 76(4), 537-562.

Lee, E., & Yung, J. (2010). Angel Island : Immigrant Gateway to America. New York, USA: Oxford University Press, Inc.

Macguire, E. (2020, April 5). Anti-Asian hate continues to spread online amid COVID-19 pandemic. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from www.aljazeera.com: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/4/5/anti-asian-hate-continues-to-spread-online-amid-Covid-19-pandemic

Maddern, S. W. (2013). Melting pot theory. In S. W. Maddern, & I. Ness (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration (pp. 1-4). New Jersey, USA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Mallapragada, M. (2021). Asian Americans as racial contagion. Cultural Studies, 35(2-3), 279-290.

McLuhan, M., & Fiore, Q. (2001). The Medium is the Massage. California: Gingko Press.

Mudambi, A. (2019). South Asian American Discourses: Engaging the Yellow Peril-Model Minority Dialectic. Howard Journal of Communications, 30(3), 284-298.

Osler, S. (2019). Coronavirus outbreak All the secrets revealed about the Covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling.

Pain, P., & Chen, G. M. (2019, June 24). The President Is in: Public Opinion and the Presidential Use of Twitter. Social Media & Society Journal, 5(2).

Paner, I. (2018). The marginalization and stereotyping of Asians in American film.

Pew Research Center. (2012, June 19). Portrait of Asian Americans. Retrieved December 21, 2020, from www.pewsocialtrends.org: https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2012/06/19/chapter-1-portrait-of-asian-americans/

Pew Research Center. (2020). U.S. Views of China Increasingly Negative Amid Coronavirus Outbreak. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from www.pewresearch.org: https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/04/21/u-s-views-of-china-increasingly-negative-amid-coronavirus-outbreak/

Remnick, D. (2016, November 9). An American Tragedy.

Shearer, E., & Grieco, E. (2019, October 12). Americans Are Wary of the Role Social Media Sites Play in Delivering the News. Retrieved October 2, 2019, from https://www.pewresearch.org: https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/2019/10/02/americans-are-wary-of-the-role-social-media-sites-play-in-delivering-the-news/

Silver, L., Devlin, K., & Huang, C. (2020, July 30). Americans Fault China for Its Role in the Spread of Covid-19. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from www.pewresearch.org: https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/07/30/americans-fault-china-for-its-role-in-the-spread-of-Covid-19/

Snyder, T. (2021, Jan 9). The American Abyss: A historian of facism and political atrocity on Trump, the mob and what comes next. New York, New York, United States of America.

Strochlic, N. (2020, September 2). America’s long history of scapegoating its Asian citizens. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from www.nationalgeographic.com: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/2020/09/asian-american-racism-Covid/

Teitelbaum, M., & Asher, R. (2005). Chinese Immigrants (Immigration to the United States). New York, United States of America: Facts On File, Inc.

Trimarco, P. (2014). Digital Textuality. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Trump, D. J. (2020-2021). Trump Twitter Archive. Retrieved January 8, 2021 from www.thetrumparchive.com: https://www.thetrumparchive.com

Tung, L. (2006). Images of Asians and Asian-Americans: The under-representation and misrepresentation of Asians and Asian-Americans on American television. Intercultural Communication Studies, 15(1), 87.

Tyndall, G. B., & Shi, D. E. (2013). America A Narative History. New York, USA: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Wehner, P. (2020). Trump Has Made Alternative Facts a Way of Life. Retrieved June 13, 2020 from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/13/opinion/trump-has-made-alternative-facts-a-way-of-life.html New York, New York, United States of America.

World Health Organization. (2020, December 31). WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. Retrieved December 31, 2020, from www.Covid19.who.int: https://Covid19.who.int/table

Yam, K. (2020). Anti-Asian bias rose after media, officials used 'China virus,' report shows. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from www.nbcnews.com: https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/anti-asian-bias-rose-after-media-officials-used-china-virus-n1241364

Zhang, L. (2015). Stereotypes of Chinese by American College Students: Media Use and Perceived Realism. International Journal of Communication, 9, 1-20.

Zolberg, A. R. (2006). A Nation by Design. New York, USA: Russell Sage Foundation.

Downloads

Published

24-03-2023

How to Cite

Wijayanti, P. R., & Sudarman, S. S. S. S. (2023). Pengaruh Media Dalam Bias Anti-China Di Masa Pandemi Covid-19 Di Amerika Serikat. Ganaya : Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Humaniora, 6(1), 99–113. https://doi.org/10.37329/ganaya.v6i1.1837

Issue

Section

Articles