Implementasi Tri Hita Karana Dalam Pariwisata Budaya Bali Masa Kini

Abstract

The rapid growth of tourism in Bali has brought economic prosperity as well as environmental degradation, cultural commodities, and social inequality that threaten the sustainability of cultural and natural heritage. The general purpose of this study is to analyze the application of the concept of Tri Hita Karana (parahyangan, pawongan, and palemahan) as an instrument of balance in three different typologies of tourist destinations in Bali (mass tourism areas, community-based tourism villages, and marine ecotourism). The qualitative descriptive approach employed field observations, in-depth interviews with community-based tourism actors, local government officials, and business actors, accompanied by analysis of regulatory documents and regional tourism management plans. The results of the study show that Tri Hita Karana serves as a guiding ethos that shapes local-level spatial planning, temple-based tourism management, and ecotourism initiatives, but the implementation is very different depending on the type of destination. In the Kuta-Seminyak mass tourism area, the principle of Tri Hita Karana tends to be abandoned due to market pressure, in the Gianyar tourism village, the implementation is more sustainable through a community approach, while in Nusa Penida's marine ecotourism, integration still faces the challenge of multi-stakeholder coordination. Critical findings confirm that the implementation inequality is caused by institutional fragmentation and the dominance of commercial logic. This research suggests that strengthening Tri Hita Karana in governance, character education, and multi-stakeholder collaboration is needed to strengthen the regenerative dimension and socio-cultural sustainability of Bali in the midst of modernization and mass tourism.