Japanese Directive Speech

Language in role as a means of communication could result in relationships between speakers of to said. The use of language in the process of communication is very important, because community life is made possible by speech. Speechs are used to information of ideas, intentions directly or indirectly. Speech act serves to declare mean it is speakers by speech partners of said. Directive speech is the type of a speech that used by speakers of to send the speech partner said do something. The use of directive speech in conveying a speech should look factors affecting the speech. The porpuse in this research was to identify the directive speech acts and factors that affect the level of politeness. The method in this research used qualitative method with descriptive analysis method. The theory in this research used were speech act theory by Yule and politeness theory by Mizutani. The results of the analysis, the forms of directive speech acts contained in the comic Ore wo Suki Nano wa Omae dake kayo are 1) directive speech acts of command marked by tamae and nasai, 2) directive speech acts of requests marked by te kure, naide kure, te kudasai, tte, te, and te hoshii; 3) the directive speech act of an invitation is marked with mashou; 4) directive speech acts of permission marked by te mo ii and 5) directive speech acts of suggestions marked with houga ii. Directive speech is influenced by several factors, namely: 1) familiarity factor; 2) age; 3) social relationship; 4) gender and 5) situation.

Speech acts are divided into three, namely, locutionary speech act, illocutionary speech act, and perlocutionary speech act. Locutionary speech act functions to express something as it is, and illocutionary speech act functions to express the action of doing something. Meanwhile, perlocutionary speech act is a speech act that has an influence or effect on speech partners. Then, Searle (1969) divided the illocutionary force into five: assertives, directives, commissives, expressives, and declaratives. Assertives are a form of speech that binds the speaker to the truth of the expressed proposition. Second, directives are a form of speech intended by the speaker to make influence so that the speech partner takes action. Third, commissive is a form of speech that promises or offers something. The next form of speech act is expressives, which functions to express or show the speaker's psychological attitude towards a situation. Lastly, declaratives are a form of speech that connects the speech content with reality. Based on the five kinds of speech acts that have been explained, the researcher is interested in research related to directive speech acts because this speech act is very relevant to everyday life. In addition, directive speech acts have many utterances that have meaning. However, the meaning is still challenging to understand by speakers or speech partners when communicating because they must pay attention to the situation and context behind the occurrence of the utterance.
Directive speech is a form of speech act intended by the speaker to make influence so that the speech partner takes action. Yule (1996) expressed that directive speech acts generally include commands, requests, orders, suggestions, and others. It can be delivered directly or indirectly, depending on the situation and context. A speech event occurs involving speakers and speech partners during the communication process. In addition, when communicating, speakers express speech with the intention of informing their speech partners. However, sometimes, the speaker's intention is not understood by their speech partner. Therefore, context is required in a speech event because context is the background that causes a speech event to occur (Arifiany et al., 2016). Every direct or indirect speech act can be considered a Face-Threatening Act (FTA) of speakers and speech partners (Aryanto, 2011).
Human life as a social being cannot be separated from directive speech acts because it is the language culture of each individual. Directive speech acts can be seen in discourses, movies, magazines, short stories, novels, and comics. Japanese comics are known as manga. Comics are one of the literary works that are still popular nowadays, especially among teenagers. Comics are books that contain images and text. Themes in comics usually tell about adventures and life, including today's teenagers' love life. However, comics have many utterances that are difficult to understand. Thus, it is necessary to have a deeper understanding of these utterances so the speaker's intention is clear. In addition, it is necessary to pay attention to the situation, context, and attitude used in communication in making an utterance, known as politeness.
Politeness is an attitude or behavior that aims to minimize conflict and maximize understanding between speakers and speech partners in an utterance by considering individual and group values. Politeness in Japanese is a language skill possessed by Japanese society. In Japanese society, the delivery of speech in the form of polite or impolite can be influenced by the factors behind the occurrence of speech acts. Language politeness can determine how speakers choose an utterance (Mizutani, 1987). The politeness of Japanese is characterized by the use of polite language varieties. A variety of Japanese can be used as a polite language variety if there is no lexicon release at the end of the sentence used, both statement, request, command sentences and others. There are seven factors that determine the level of language politeness, namely the level of familiarity, age, social relationship, social status, gender, group members, and situation.
Directive speech has many utterances that have meaning. However, speakers or speech partners still struggle to understand the meaning when communicating because they must pay attention to the context behind the speech. According to Diano (2018), every speech act has a purpose or direction of speech to achieve a goal, and speech must see the situation and conditions. Basically, the speech situation considers the social situation because it occurs in a broad and different society. Thus, it is hoped that the intent and speech of the speaker can be conveyed to the speech partner. For example, the manga Ore wo Suki na no wa Omae dake kayo tells an interestingly packaged story of teenage life, starting from school life to romance stories sprinkled with various youth problems. Thus, in its delivery, many directive utterances have hidden meanings and make some speech partners feel confused and even not understand the utterance's meaning. Therefore, to understand more deeply related to directive speech, especially in Japanese, this study examines the form of directive speech acts and factors that influence the form of directive speech acts contained in a Japanese comic entitled Ore wo Suki na no wa Omae dake kayo by Rakuda.

Method
This study was a type of qualitative research. Data source in this study was a Japanese comic entitled Ore wo Suki na no wa Omae dake kayo by Rakuda. This comic had data in the form of words or images included in directive speech classified using the listening method and note-taking technique from Mahsun (2017). After the data was collected, it was analyzed using the descriptive analysis method by Sugiyono (2017). Data that shows the form of directive speech was analyzed using the speech acts theory by Yule (1996). Furthermore, the theory of politeness by Mizutani (1987) was used to determine the factors that influence directive speech acts in Japanese. Furthermore, the data analysis results were presented using informal methods.

Results and Discussions
Directive speech is a speech act intended by the speaker to make the speech partner does something. It aims to produce an effect through actions taken by the speech partner. Utterances included in directive speech acts are utterances that contain commands, requests, giving advice, invitations, permissions, suggestions, challenges, and others. There must be a speaker and a speech partner in a speech act. People cannot be separated from directive speech acts in daily life because it is a human language culture. It can be seen in Japanese movies, magazines, novels, and manga. The following are examples of directive speech acts found in Japanese manga:

Commands
Directive speech in the form of commands is used to express a situation in which the speaker demands the speech partner to do something he/she wants. Directive speech act that means command can be seen as follows: ジョーロ (Are you really the only one who likes me?, Chapter 1:113) The utterance in data (a) is a conversation between Joro and Sumireko in the library. At that time, Joro, who was in the library, felt that someone was watching him. After looking more carefully, the person was Sumireko. Then Joro said, 'Come here' to Sumireko. Sumireko, who felt surprised, then called Joro to come closer to him. Joro finally approached and asked if Sumireko was spying on him. Sumireko did not answer and turned her gaze to the book that had been taken by someone else. Joro, who felt uncomfortable with Sumireko's presence, immediately said that the book she wanted had been taken and immediately hurried away.
The utterance in data (a) is a directive speech with directive meaning uttered by Joro, namely kinasai na 'come here'. The nasai form is usually used by speakers to emphasize the order they want to convey to the speaking partner. Meanwhile, na contained in the speech functions as an ending. This nasai form can be used by men or women. Therefore, the directive speech in data (a) is a speech that means an order uttered by Joro to order Sumireko not to come near him.
When delivering these utterances, the factors behind the occurrence of the utterance are the level of familiarity, gender, age, and situation. Regarding familiarity level, Joro and Sumireko are schoolmates but rarely meet, so they do not have a close relationship. Furthermore, in terms of age, they are the same age because they are in the same high school so speech delivery can be done directly. In terms of the situation, the speech occurs in the library, which is a formal environment, so the speaker pays attention to the surrounding conditions in delivering the speech. In addition to these three factors, gender factors also affect the occurrence of speech. Male-gendered speakers usually seem more rude and assertive than female-gendered speakers.

Requests
The speech act of request form is used to express a request to the speech partner to do as requested. The following is a directive speech act with the meaning of requests, namely: a) ひまわり : もう！どうしてそんなに朝から元気ないの？ ジョーロ : テ二ス部のエースに休カの塟凖を合わせないでくれ．．． (俺を好きなのはお前だけかよ、チャプトル 1:10) Himawari : Mou! Doushite sonna ni asa kara genki nai no? Joro : Tenisu bu no eesu ni yasuka no souna zoraeru wo awasenaidekure (Ore wo Suki na no wa Omae dake kayo, Chapter 1:10) Himawari : Heii! It's still early, why are you already tired? Joro : Do not equate me with a top tennis club player.
(Are you really the only one who likes me?, Chapter 1:10) The utterance in data (a) is a conversation between Himawari and Joro that took place in the classroom. At that moment, Joro was seen sitting on a chair, then Himawari said, why are you already tired when it's still early? Joro replied, do not equate me with a top tennis player. The speech uttered by Joro is a speech that has the meaning of a request. The utterance is contained in the word awasenaide kure which means 'please do not equate me'. The word naide kure is an expression used when telling someone about something they should not do. This sentence pattern is used when speaking politely about not doing something. Therefore, the utterance in data (a) can be categorized as a direct request utterance because Joro directly states his request to Himawari, so he is not equated with a top tennis player.
The use of direct request speech contained in data (a) is influenced by the level of familiarity, age, and gender. Looking at the level of familiarity and age, Himawari and Joro are the same age because they are schoolmates, so they usually use informal language to deliver the speech. Furthermore, regarding gender, Himawari is female, so she will seem more subtle and gentle in delivering the speech. At the same time, Joro is a man who will look louder and more assertive in delivering the speech. However, regarding the level of familiarity, they have a very good relationship because they have been friends since childhood. Thus, when someone requests or asks others to do something, they will usually use formal or informal language if there is a close relationship between them. b) スン ：ジョーロのやつをこき使ってやってください！ こいつ頼りになりますから！ (俺を好きなのはお前だけかよ、チャプトル 1:36) Sun : Joro no yatsu wo koki tsukatte yatte kudasai! Koitsu rairi ni narimasukara! (Ore wo Suki na no wa Omae dake kayo, Chapter 1:36) Sun : Please use Joro to work! He will definitely be useful for you! (Are you really the only one who likes me?, Chapter 1:36) The utterance in data (b) is a conversation between Sun and Cosmos on the baseball field. At the time, the baseball club members were busy practicing. Sun, who saw the arrival of Cosmos and Joro, immediately approached them and immediately told Cosmos to use Joro's abilities as best as possible because it would definitely be useful for him. Based on the context, the statement conveyed by Sun has the meaning of a request because Sun asked Cosmos to use Joro to help with his work. The utterance with a request meaning was found in tsukatte yatte kudasai utterance. The sentence consists of the words tsukau 'work', yaru 'do or use', and kudasai 'ask, request, please'. Thus if tsukau, yaru, and kudasai are combined, then tsukau and yaru are first conjugated into the te form, becoming tsukatte yatte. Then, kudasai is added on the back so it becomes tsukatte yatte kudasai which means 'please use it for work'. The utterance above means requesting or asking in a polite form, used to ask for help from the superior or someone with a higher position. Directive speech in the form of requests in data (b) is delivered directly by Sun to Cosmos so that the purpose that the speaker wants to convey to the speech partner can be conveyed properly.
The factors behind the use of request speech in data (b) are level of familiarity, age, and social relationship. Judging from their social relationship, Sun has a lower position than Cosmos. It can be seen from the status of the speaker, who is an ordinary student. At the same time, Cosmos is the student council president who is responsible for all extracurricular activities at school. It is natural for Sun to use more polite or courteous speech to his speech partners who have a higher position. Then, judging from the level of familiarity factor, Sun and Cosmos are schoolmates who do not have a close relationship because they have never spoken before, so they will use polite speech in starting the conversation. Meanwhile, in terms of age, they are the same age, so speech can be delivered casually. : Alright (Are you really the only one who likes me?, Chapter 1:36) The utterance in data (c) is a conversation between Cosmos and Joro while walking in the school hallway. They were talking about Students Council (OSIS) activities at the time. In the middle of their conversation, Cosmos asked for Joro's phone number to make it easier for them to communicate. The speech uttered by Cosmos is included in the directive speech with a request meaning because the speaker asks the speech partner to be willing to give his phone number. The utterance with a request meaning is found in the utterance oshiette kure, which intends to ask Joro to tell Cosmos his phone number. The sentence comes from oshieru, which means 'say', while te kure has the function of requesting. The utterance has the meaning of asking more politely, used to the speech partner whose position is lower or to a close friend. Thus the utterance above is said to be a request directive speech.
The factors of familiarity, age, gender, situation, and social relations are factors that influence the occurrence of speech. In this case, the speaker and the speech partner are close friends, so they usually use ordinary or informal language in delivering an utterance to create an impression of familiarity. In terms of age, they are the same age, so they can deliver the speech or utterance without paying attention to the rules. In addition, gender can also affect the occurrence of speech, as in data (c) that speaker and the speech partner have different genders. Female-gendered speakers will usually use more subtle and gentle language than male-gendered speakers. Furthermore, from social relationships, they have a fairly frequent intensity of meetings in the organization, so they have a fairly good social relationship. d) スン : (Are you really the only one who likes me?, Chapter 4:8) The utterance in data (d) is a conversation between Sun and Himawari in the classroom. At that time, Himawari invited Sun to eat together after school. Sun accepted Himawari's invitation to eat together before baseball practice because he already had an appointment with Cosmos after practice. Hearing Sun's utterance, Himawari asked to go together. The speaker's utterance "watashi mo tsuretette!" 'invite me too'. This form is actually the same as the te kure form, which has a forceful impression but can be used by both men and women (Makino & Tsutsui, 1994).
The factors that influence the use of the request speech in data (d) are the level of familiarity, age, gender, and situation. In terms of familiarity and age, Sun and Himawari are the same age because they are classmates, so naturally, they have a fairly close relationship. When they have a close relationship, they will use informal language to ask someone to do something they want. Based on gender, the speaker and the speech partner had different genders, so the speech's delivery also had a different impression. Himawari, who is female, conveys her request to Sun using soft and subtle language. In addition, the situation in speech (d) occurred at school, so the formal situation that occurs during the speech also affects the expression that will be conveyed by the speaker. These factors affect the speaker's politeness level when talking to the speech partner. e) ひまわり : ジョーロからスンちゃんとわたしが映画に行く約束とりつけ て！ ジョーロ : ……僕が？ ひまわり : ジョーロが (俺を好きなのはお前だけかよ、チャプトル 4:8) Himawari : Joro kara Sun-chan to watashi ga eiga ni iku yakusoku tori tsukete! Joro : Boku? Himawari : Joro ga (Ore wo Suki na no wa Omae dake kayo, Chapter 4:8) Himawari : Joro, please tell Sun-chan to accept my invitation to watch a movie with me. Joro : Me? Himawari : Yes, Joro.
(Are you really the only one who likes me?, Chapter 4:8) The utterance in data (e) is an utterance that occurs after school between Himawari and Joro. In the middle of their conversation, Himawari asked Joro to help tell Sun to watch a movie with her. At that time, the speaker uttered "Joro kara Sun-chan to watashi ga eiga ni iku yakusoku toritsukete!" "Joro, please tell Sun-chan to accept the invitation to watch a movie with me!". The utterance contained a directive form with a request meaning in the utterance yakusoku toritsukete. Yakusoku toritsukete utterance consists of the verb yakusoku 'promise or invitation', and the verb toru 'to take, accept'. Thus, the utterance becomes yakusoku toritsukete 'accept the invitation'. The use of te form has a forceful impression but can be used by both men and women. Based on the context, Himawari asked Joro for help so that she could watch a movie together with Sun. Thus, the speech can be said to be a directive speech request delivered directly.
The factors behind the request speech in data (e) are the level of familiarity, age, gender, and situation. Mizutani (1987) states that when Japanese people ask their speech partner to do something, they will use informal language if they have a close relationship. It can be seen from the relationship between Joro and Himawari, who are childhood friends, and even they are the same age. Thus, when talking, he naturally used ordinary or informal sentences. In terms of gender, the speaker and the speech partner had different genders. Himawari is female, so she used soft and subtle language in delivering her speech. Furthermore, situational factors also greatly influence when speakers choose an utterance. The situation in the speech was informal because it occurred outside the school environment, so the language used differed from that in formal situations. (Are you really the only one who likes me?, Chapter 2:53) The utterance in data (f) is the conversation between Sun and Himawari that took place in a park. At that time, Sun asked Himawari for help to date someone. The speech uttered by Sun is included in directive speech because there is a form of hoshii that expresses a wish or request. The te hoshii form is usually used by someone whose status is not higher than the speaker, whether male or female. When te hoshii is used, the speaker uses a declarative sentence, and the speech partner usually will answer with an interrogative or question sentence. The use of te hoshii means wanting to do or wanting someone to do something. Therefore, when Sun expressed his wish to Himawari, Himawari replied using an interrogative sentence to clarify Sun's intention. Thus, the use of te hoshii can be conveyed directly to the speech partner.
The factors behind the occurrence of speech in data (f) are the level of familiarity, age, gender, and situation. In terms of familiarity and age, Sun and Himawari are schoolmates, so they are the same age and have a high familiarity level because they often meet. In addition, gender also affects the occurrence of speech between Sun and Himawari. Sun, who is male, used harsh and assertive language in delivering the speech compared to Himawari, who is female. This gender factor is quite influential in the selection of speech acts. Meanwhile, if looking at the situation factor, the conversation took place outside the school environment so that it could be done in an informal form.

Invitations
Directive speech acts in the form of invitations are used by speakers when inviting speech partners to do something, as stated by the speaker through joint speech. The following are directive speech acts with an invitation meaning, namely: ジョーロ : How about we start with the tennis club? Cosmos : R… Right! (Are you really the only one who likes me?, Chapter 1:25) The utterance in data (a) is a conversation between Cosmos and Joro that took place in the school hallway. When Joro invited Cosmos to check out the tennis club first, the utterance with an invitation meaning is found in words mukai mashouka. The mukai mashouka utterance consists of the verb mukau 'start' conjugated into the mashouka 'how' form. Thus, the utterance becomes mukai mashouka 'how about starting'. The mashouka form is a form of invitation with a positive question sentence. This invitation form is an action the speaker does so that the speech partner also does it. Thus, the speech in data (a) can be categorized as directive speech acts in the form of a direct invitation when Joro invited Cosmos to start checking extracurricular activities at school.
Factors that influence the use of invitational speech in data (a) are the level of familiarity, age, gender, social relationship, and situation. Based on the level of familiarity and age, Cosmos and Joro had a fairly close relationship because they met quite often and were classmates, so they were the same age. Gender differences between the speaker and the speech partner are also very influential on the speech that will be spoken. Male-gendered speakers seem to be more rude and assertive in delivering the speech. The social relationship factor between them can be seen in the organizational structure, where Cosmos had a higher position than Joro. Thus, when Joro wanted to convey something to Cosmos, he seemed to use polite language in a professional relationship. Furthermore, when viewed from the situation, the conversation between Joro and Cosmos belongs to a formal situation because the speech takes place in a school environment where they will check the tennis club. Joro and Cosmos were members of the Student Council but had different positions in the organization, so the situation had a considerable effect when speaking. These factors influence Joro's speech and have differences in speech delivery to Cosmos as the speech partner.

Permissions
Directive speech acts in the form of permission are used to express permission when going to do something or giving permission by the speaker to the speech partner. : Wait a minute (Are you really the only one who likes me?, Chapter 1:65) The utterance in data (a) is a conversation between Himawari and Joro that took place in the park. At that time, Himawari was sitting on a park bench while waiting for Sun, and then she saw Joro passing in front of her. She immediately called him and asked what Joro was doing in the park. Joro said he was waiting for his friend. Since they were both waiting for someone, Himawari gave Joro permission to sit beside her, and they chatted. Directive speech uttered by Himawari was "mazu wa tonari ni suwatte mo uttte moii" which means 'you can sit next to me first'. Based on the context, Himawari allowed Joro to sit next to her first while waiting for their friends to come and Joro said yes to Himawari's offer. The te mo ii form is used to express permission, which means maybe, how, and it's okay if.
The level of familiarity, age, gender, and situation are factors that influence the occurrence of speech. The level of familiarity and age established between the speaker and the speech partner occurs because they have a very close friendship relationship, which can create good communication. In addition, they were the same age because they were schoolmates, so they were more relaxed and straight to the point of the discussion in delivering the speech. In terms of gender, the speaker, who is a woman, used more gentle and subtle language than the male speaker when delivering the speech. Furthermore, regarding the situation factor, the speech in the park belongs to an informal situation. The language used was more relaxed or ordinary during an informal situation than in a formal situation. These factors affect how the directive speech act occurs according to the conditions and situation.

Suggestions
The form of suggestions is used to express advice and suggestions by the speaker to the speech partner. The following is a directive speech act with a suggestion meaning, namely: コスモス  (a) is an utterance that occurs between Cosmos and Himawari. At that time, Cosmos, who was walking with Joro in the school hallway was approached by Himawari who immediately knelt in front of him. Cosmos was shocked and told Himawari to stand up, but she refused. Then, Cosmos uttered 'sore nara yokatta watashi wa sukoshi hanashi ga atte ne. Mou itta houga ii' 'I hope we can talk a bit later, so now you'd better go'. Cosmos' utterance was a directive speech that has a suggestion or advice meaning to Himawari that she should go first. The utterance was characterized by the use of the houga ii form. The houga ii form is a form of giving advice or suggestion to the speech partner that can usually be used by men or women.
Factors influencing directive speech with a suggestion meaning are familiarity, age, gender, and situation. The level of familiarity and age between Cosmos and Himawari occurred because they often met at school even though they were in different classes. In terms of age, they have the same age, so the delivery of speech is direct to the point. In terms of gender, the speaker and the speech partner have the same gender, so the delivery of speech becomes more familiar because of gender equality. Meanwhile, regarding the situation factor, the incident occurred at school, which is a formal place that can also affect the context of speech. The directive speech act with a suggestion meaning uttered by Cosmos to Himawari is influenced by important factors concerning politeness. Thus, he used a firm and direct impression on the point of conversation in delivering speech.

Conclusions
Based on the analysis of directive speech in Japanese speech, it can be concluded as follows. There were directive speech acts in Japanese, especially in the comic Ore wo Suki na no wa Omae dake kayo by Rakuda. Directive speech can be divided into several forms, namely directive speech acts in the form of commands, requests, invitations, permission, and suggestions. Directive speech in the form of commands was characterized by the use of nasai form. The nasai form emphasized the command to be conveyed and explained the dominance between the speaker and the speech partner. Then, directive speech acts as requests characterized by the use of te kure, naide kure, te kudasai, tte kure, tte, te, and hoshii. The te kure form had a forceful impression and was usually used by men to speak to their subordinates and close friends. In addition, the naide kure form was used when politely telling someone about something they should not do. In the comic, the te kudasai form had a polite pleading meaning, which was used to ask for help from a superior or someone in a higher position. Furthermore, there was a form of request characterized by the use of the tte kure form, which had a forceful impression but could be used by both men and women. This form was actually the same as the te kure form. In addition, there was also a request directive speech act characterized by the use of the hoshii form. The hoshii form was usually used by someone whose status is not higher than the speaker, both male and female. Another form of directive speech act found in comics was the directive speech act of invitation. The form of invitation was characterized by mashou, which means inviting someone to do something. Then, the use of mashouka form, which is a form of invitation with a positive question sentence. This invitation form had the purpose that the action taken by the speaker is also done by the speech partner. The next form of speech is the directive form of permission. In the comic, the permission form was characterized by the te mo ii form, used to express questions such as asking for permission or statements to allow someone to do something. Furthermore, the last form of speech found was the directive speech of suggestion form. The suggestion form was characterized by houga ii, used when giving advice or suggestion to someone both male and female.
Politeness in delivering a speech was influenced by several factors, namely as follows. 1) Familiarity is a factor that discusses the level of intimacy or closeness between speakers and speech partners, such as speakers who meet for the first time, so they usually use polite speech. 2) Age is determining factor in delivering speech because when there is an age difference between speakers and speech partners, the language used can be formal or informal depending on the age of the speech partner; 3) Social relationship is an interaction relationship that occurs when speakers have a lower or higher status than speech partners; 4). Gender is a speech that tends to be more subtle when spoken by women and more assertive or harsh when spoken by men; 5) Situation is the good condition of the atmosphere, the place where the speech takes place, and the speech partner in a formal and informal situation.